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选择要查阅的辞典
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【Ma^ra
】
(lit. 'the killer'), is the Buddhist 'Tempter-figure. He is often called 'Ma^ra the Evil One' (pa^pima^ ma^ro) or Namuci (lit. 'the non-liberator', i.e. the opponent of liberation). He appears in the texts both as a real person (i.e. as a deity) and as personification of evil and passions, of the totality of worldly existence, and of death. Later Pa^li literature often speaks of a 'fivefold Ma^ra' (pan~ca-ma^ra): 1. M. as a deity (devaputta-ma^ra), 2. the M. of defilements (kilesa-m.), 3. the M. of the aggregates (khandha-m.), 4. the M. of the karma-formations (kamma-m.), and 5. Ma^ra as death (maccu-m.).
As a real person, M. is regarded as the deity ruling over the highest heaven of the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara), that of the paranimmitavasavatti-devas, the 'deities wielding power over the creations of others' (Com. to M. 1). According to tradition, when the Bodhisatta was seated under the Bodhi-tree, Ma^ra tried in vain to obstruct his attainment of Enlightenment, first by frightening him through his hosts of demons, etc., and then by his 3 daughters' allurements. This episode is called 'Ma^ra's war' (ma^ra-yuddha). For 7 years M. had followed the Buddha, looking for any weakness in him; that is, 6 years before the Enlightenment and one year after it (Sn. v. 446). He also tried to induce the Buddha to pass away into Parinibba^na without proclaiming the Dhamma, and also when the time for the Buddha's Parinibba^na had come, he urged him on. But the Buddha acted on his own insight in both cases. See D. 16.
For (3) M. as the aggregates, s. S. XXIII, 1, 11, 12, 23. See Padha^na Sutta (Sn. v. 425ff.); Ma^ra Samyutta (S. IV).
[南传佛教英文辞典]
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